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Python is a very versatile language and it is used in many IT fields such as:
There are many IDE’s on the internet for Python the two most recommended ones are:
Data type Name | Data Type Syntax | Size |
Integer Number | int | 14 |
Floating Point Numbers | float | 16 |
Boolean | bool | 14 |
string | str | 26 |
bytes | b’’ | 21 |
Data type Name | Data Type Syntax | Example |
List (Ordered) | list() | [1,2,3] or list(range(1,4)) |
Tuple (Ordered) | tuple() | (1,2,3) |
Dictionary (Unordered) | dict() | {0:1, 1:2, 2:3} |
Set (unordered) | set() | {1,2,3} |
Python has some standard operators which include arithmetic operators too.
Operator Name | Operator | Example |
Addition or concatenation | + | 1+2 Or “hello” + ”world” |
Subtraction | – | 40 – 10 à 30 |
Multiplication | * | 40 * 10 à 100 [0]*2 à[0,0] |
division | / | 10/5 à 2.0 |
Floor division | // | 10 // 5 à2 |
Modules | % | 10 % 5 à 0 |
Exponential | ** | 2**3 à 8 |
There are some operators in python which are used to compare two objects or values and return a Boolean value True and False:
Operator Name | Operator | Example |
Smaller than | < | 2 < 3 èTrue |
Greater than | > | 3 > 2 èTrue |
Smaller than and equal to | <= | 2 <= 2 èTrue |
Greater than and equal to | >= | 3 >= 3 èTrue |
Not equal to | != | 2 != 3èTrue |
Equal to comparison | 2 2 èTrue |
Python has three logical Operators:
Identifies are the name given to an object, identifiers can be also known as a variable name. There are some rules associated with an identifier or variable name. Using identifies we can give a name to variables, functions, modules, classes.
We use equal to “=” symbol to assign an object to an identifier.
The identifier name should be on the left side and value on the right side of the assignment operator.
Example:
x =20
Python Assignment | Assignment operator | Example |
Simple and Single Assignment | = | x = 20 |
Assignment to same value | = | x = y = z =100 |
Multiple Assignment | = | x, y, z = 10, 20, 30 |
Swap values with Assignment operator | = | x, y = y, x |
Unpacking sequence using assigmnet operator | = | x, *y = [20,10,30,70] |
Assignment operator for increment | += | x+=20 |
Assignment operator for Decrement | -= | x -=20 |
I/O methods | Description |
print() | To print out the output |
input() | To take input from the user |
Example:
By default input() accept value as string.
Using there are many reserved keywords in python which are used to convert the data type of a variable.
Type Conversion | Python Syntax | Example |
Float to integer Numeric string to integer Boolean to integer | int() | int(20.11) int(“200”) int(True) |
Integer to float Numeric string to float Boolean to float | float() | float(100) float(“100”) float(True) |
Integer to string float to string Boolean to string | str() | str(100) str(100.00) str(True) |
ASSIC Code to character | chr() | chr(64) à @ |
Character to ASSIC code | ord() | ord(‘@’) à 64 |
Convert a container data type and a string to a list | list() | list(“Hello”) |
Convert a container datatype to a dict | dict() | dict([(1,2), (2,3)]) |
Convert a container data type to a set | set() | set([1,2,3,4,5,5]) |
In python String, List and tuple objects support indexing calling.
Example:
In python, we often encounter with Boolean values when we deal with comparison operator conditional statements.
In python there are two types of Booleans:
Boolean Operator | Description | Example |
False | In python False, 0, empty container data type and None Treat as False value. | bool(0) à False bool([]) à False bool({}) à False bool(None) à False |
True | Anything except 0, None and empty data type in python considered as True Boolean | bool(100) à True |
Use | Syntax |
Import the complete module | import module |
Import complete modules with its all objects | from module import * |
Import specific objects or class from a modules | from module import name_1, name_2 |
Import specific module and give a temporary name | from module import name_1 as nam |
Math is the most important and widely used standard module of python, it provides many methods related to mathematics.
Math Module | Example |
from math import * | |
cos() | cos(90) -0.4480736161291701 |
sin() | sin(200) -0.8732972972139946 |
pi | 3.141592653589793 |
pow() | pow(2,3) à 8.0 |
ceil() | ceil(12.1) à13 |
floor() | floor(12.9) à12 |
round() | round(12.131,2) à12.13 |
abs() | abs(-29) à 29 |
Python Conditional statement consists of 3 keywords if, elif and else.
Example:
There are two loops statements present in python:
Example:
It is a statement used inside the loop statement, and it is used to terminate the loop flow and exist from the loop immediately.
Example:
Continue is the opposite of break, it is also used in loop statements and directly jump to the next iteration.
Example:
To create a user-defined function in python we use the def keyword and to exit from a function we return a value using the return keyword.
Example:
A list is a collection of different data types, and it stores all elements in a contagious memory location.
To create a list we use square brackets [ ].
Example:
List support indexing, with the help of indexing we can access the specific element of the list.
Example:
With list slicing, we can access a sequence of elements present in the list.
Example:
lst_2 = [i for i in lst ]
Operations | Descriptions |
lst.append(val) | Add items at the end |
lst.extend(seq) | Add sequence at the end |
lst.insert(indx,val) | Add value at a specific index |
lst.remove(val) | To delete the specific value from a list |
lst.pop() | To remove the last value from the list |
Lst.sort() | To sort the list |
Tuples in python similar to a list, the only difference is tuples are immutable.
Python does not have inbuilt support for arrays but it has standard libraries to for array data structure. Array is a very useful tool to perform mathematical concepts.
Python set is similar to the mathematic sets, a python set does not hold duplicates items and we can perform the basic set operation on set data types.
Operations Name | Operator | Example: |
Union | | | s1 | s2 |
Intersection | & | s1 & s2 |
Difference | – | s1 – s2 |
Asymmetric Difference | ^ | s1 ^ s2 |
Dictionary is a collection of key: value pair and the key could only be an immutable data type.
We use the key to access the corresponding value.
Like a list comprehension, we have generator comprehension in generator comprehension we use parenthesis () instead of sq. brackets [].
Example:
In exception handling we deal with runtime error there are many keywords associated with exception handling:
keyword | Description |
try | Normal processing block |
except | Error processing block |
finally | Final block executes for both tries or except. |
raise | To throw an error with a user-defined message. |
Example:
Class provides the Object-Oriented programming concepts to python.
The constructor is the special method of class which executes automatically during the object creation of the class.
Magic methods | Description |
__str__() | String representation of the object |
__init__() | Initialization or Constructor of the class |
__add__() | To override addition operator |
__eq__() | To override equal to method |
__lt__() | To override less than operator |
Conventionally to declare an attribute private we, write it name starting with __ double underscore.
Example:
An inheritance we can use the methods and property of another class:
Example:
Operators | Description |
len(lst) | Items count |
min(lst) | To find the minimum item |
max(lst) | To find the maximum item |
sorted(lst) | List sorted copy |
enumerate (c) | Iterator on (index, item) |
zip(lst_1,lst_2) | Combine two list |
all(c) | If all items are True it returns True else false |
any(c) | True at least one item of c is true else false |
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